Gender Inequality And Oppression By Jane Eyre - 894 Words

Jane Eyre: Gender Inequality and Oppression The novel, Jane Eyre creates an atmosphere of suspense by utilizing elements such as supernatural encounters, mysteries, secrets, violence towards women and etc. The setting in Jane Eyre can be seen to place the novel in the gothic tradition, which serves primarily to support the theme of gender inequality and oppression through the rise of a poor girl against overwhelming odds. The novel opens at Gateshead, at the home of the wealthy Reed family where a girl by the name of Jane Eyre sits in the room reading a novel because aunt Reed has forbidden her from playing with her cousins. Cousin John harasses Jane for being a poor orphan and pushes her to the end of her patience causing her to erupt. Jane is held responsible and punished. â€Å"Take her away to the red room, and lock her in there†¦I was not quite sure whether they had locked the doors†¦ Alas! Yes, no jail was ever more secured.† (Bronte 15-21). Aunt Reed sends Jane to the terrifying red room where Jane faints from the fear of seeing a ghost. Shortly after being freed, Jane now aware that she will be leaving to the Lowood School, tells her aunt, â€Å"Speak I must: I had been trodden on severely†¦I will never call you aunt again as long as I live†¦I will never come to see you†¦ and if anyone asks how I liked you, of you makes me sick, and that you treated me with mis erable cruelty† (Bronte 62-3). In other words, Jane narrates the story of her life and threatens to tell everyone of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Women Oppressed in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre1666 Words   |  7 PagesJane Eyre: Women Oppressed      Ã‚   Gender is not a biological fact but a social construct.   However, so many assumptions have been made in the attempt to define the terms gender and sex that society often defines gender as being solely male and female.   The female sex has traditionally been oppressed due to inferences on physical and mental constraints that male-dominated society has imposed.   As with culture, gender socialization begins with birth and the family structure, though many believeRead MoreJane Eyre s Life Was Full Of Oppression, Neglect And Sorrow1498 Words   |  6 PagesJane Eyre’s life was full of oppression, neglect and sorrow. The novel was formed around a few main ideas. One of those would be the search of love and acceptance. Jane wanted to find a family so desperately and she wanted to belong to people. More than this though, Jane wanted to be treated equally. She was denied equality because of her social status, her income,her lack of â€Å"beauty† and most of all because of her gender. The book Jane Eyre shows the struggle that women face while attempting toRead MoreFeminism : The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1694 Words   |  7 PagesMicaela Castro English 2 2/29/16 Jane Eyre and Feminism Feminism is defined as the â€Å"advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men† (Oxford Dictionary). In the past century, the standards of what is considered feminism have changed. At the time Jane Eyre was published, feminism per se did not exist yet. In the Victorian Era any actions done by women that went against the norms for women for that timeRead More Comparing Jane Eyre and Yellow Wallpaper1650 Words   |  7 PagesSimilarities Between Jane Eyre and Yellow Wallpaper   Ã‚   There are notable similarities between Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper and Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre. These similarities include the treatment of space, the use of a gothic tone with elements of realism, a sense of male superiority, and the mental instability of women. There is a similar treatment of space in the two works, with the larger, upstairs rooms at the summer lodging and at Thornfield Hall being associatedRead MoreMessages to the Reader in Jane Eyre, a Novel by Charlotte Brontà «728 Words   |  3 PagesJane Eyre, a novel by Charlotte Brontà «, contains several notable themes and messages sent to its readers. Jane Eyre is a coming of age novel that is a story of a girls quest for equality and happiness. A common theme that recurs throughout the novel is the importance of independence.Charlotte Brontà « utilizes several techniques to convey this message, incorporating her personal experiences, as well as including symbolism and motifs. Charlotte Bronte subjects Jane to several conflicts that occur becauseRead MoreJane Eyre, The Bluest Eye, And Feminism1422 Words   |  6 PagesPavit Singh Mr. Trott English 2 Honors Period 5 15 May 2015 Jane Eyre, The Bluest Eye, and Feminism Feminism. It’s a big concept in society today, but has it always been that way? Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte is a famous work on the basis of her own experiences. In this novel, the author shapes a tough and independent woman who pursues true love and equality. In the Victorian period, the image of Jane Eyre cast a sharp contrast to the man-dominated society. She stands for a new lady who hasRead MoreFreedom For A Woman Of Empire883 Words   |  4 Pagesavenue—marriage. Each character lived very different lives, and their path, and reasoning for marriage varied. One variable in their decision to marry remained constant; In order to attain freedom, one must have the financial means for independence. Olivia, Jane, and, Lyndall, enter into the patriarchal institution of marriage because they essentially have no other option. However, all three heroines enter and/or exit the institution of marriage on their own terms, which situates them as the dominant participantRead MoreRelationship Between Men and Women: Jane Eyre and The Handmaids Tale1775 Words   |  8 Pages Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre entails a social criticism of the oppressive social ideas and practices of nineteenth-century Victorian society. The presentation of male and female relationships emphases men’s domination and perceived superiority over women. Jane Eyre is a reflection of Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s own observation on gender roles of the Victorian era, from the vantage point of her position as governess much like Jane’s. Margaret Atwood’s novel was written during a period of conservative revival in theRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte2164 Words   |  9 Pageswere difficult for Victorian women, largely because of their gender, but also because they did not have any independent source of wealth. Published in 1847, Jane Eyre written by Charlotte Brontà « depicts the life of women during that time that were economically devalued and socially marginalized. Women were not seen as equals to men and being independent meant being free from the influen ces of others. The novel tells the story of Jane Eyre, a young Victorian woman on a quest to fulfill a sense of equalityRead MoreSummary Of The Tale 1386 Words   |  6 PagesRochester, the protagonist in Jane Eyre, a typical Byronic hero with a melancholy characteristic who has a strong inclination of individual rebellion against society’s conventions. Following the portrayal of Byronic males, Rochester â€Å"injects ludic energy, performativity, and teasing seduction into the trajectory† of this female Bildungsroman of Jane Eyre. When Bronte first publishes her subversive work that challenges contemporary â€Å"social conventions and social order†, Jane used her pseudonym â€Å"Currer

Vertical Farming The Demand is Rising - 1275 Words

Vertical Farming: The Demand is Rising According to an extensive projection research project, the population of America is expected to increase to approximately 438 million citizens by the year 2050 (Passel). This is a sharp increase in today’s population of roughly 315 million. If this projection is accurate, it looks like our nation is at a high risk of overpopulation. Imagine living in a town where you can’t drink tap water without the risk of contracting numerous illnesses from it. Where the only food that hasn’t been put through countless forms of processing is far beyond your budget. Where going outside isn’t refreshing because the place you live in is so crowded you feel like you’re going to suffocate. This is just a taste of what overpopulation looks like. However, there is a huge step we can take to prevent dangerously crowded cities. We have a lot of land that is being used for farming, and this farmland could be renovated into citi es. Vertical farming could be the key improvement to our country’s rise in population. In his book The World is Flat, Thomas Friedman wrote of numerous techniques that the most successful individuals and businesses use to ensure they remain at the top of the food chain. Using these techniques decrease the likelihood of an individual’s job being outsourced or automated, and help companies stay successful. Vertical farming has great potential because it requires a vast amount of synthesis between workers, and it applies toShow MoreRelatedVertical Farming : The Solution For Water Shortage2004 Words   |  9 PagesTanner Gohl Professor Karen Fitts English 101 11/15/16 Vertical Farming: The Solution to Water Shortage â€Å"If we do nothing, we shall all surely perish!† You have probably heard this phrase spoken by many a doomsayer and have thought nothing of it. Dismissing it as folly, you content yourself by believing that it is â€Å"Simply nonsense!† or more commonly, â€Å"It won’t happen during my generation.† However, this view, when contrasted with our current situation, is detrimental to all of us. While it is understandablyRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On Human Population1458 Words   |  6 Pagesthe world has gone from about 2 million people to just over 7 million people. With this drastic change in population in such a short period of time compared to the total age of the earth, problems are no doubtable going to arise. From the demand of the ever rising human population on the earth, food accessibility, depletion of natural resources, and an increase in global warming affects all have detrimental consequences on our human population and our own e arth that may not be reservable. As humansRead MorePre Treated And Domestic Wastewater1368 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation is gradually increasing, peoples lifestyle has been changed significantly and also factors such as preferring people to live in the cities rather than villages, demanding the better quality of water by the population live in a society and also rising the chemical stuff price are the reasons that cause the usage of the treated domestic wastewater for irrigation, (world health organization, 2015).The world’s population will be almost 2 times until 2050, therefore it will increase the pressure onRead MoreNotes On Yield Improvement Stagnation1537 Words   |  7 Pagesgenetic yield potential is closing due to these advancements, however yield potentials are increasing at a much lower rate than the expected increase in demand. The increase in food demand means that average farm yields have to reach 70 to 80% of the yield potential ceiling within 30 years in different major cereal systems to keep up with demand (Cassman, 1999). However, several studies have reported of a slowing in yield growth trends. Switzerland has seen a reduced rate of yield improvement sinceRead MoreAnalysis of Event Industry1035 Words   |  5 Pagesplanning. Storming or shock work, in which enterprises race to fulfill monthly, quarterly, or annual plans creates a peculiar (and costly) pattern of seasonal output fluctuations that two decades of reform have failed to eradicate. Excessive vertical integration is another hardy legacy of the plan system. Suppliers are least reliable as important deadlines approach -- because their attention is focused on satisfying their own plan requirements -- so firms and agencies struggle to create captiveRead MoreFood Insecurity : A Brief Issues Paper Written For The Pacific Food Summit1585 Words à ‚  |  7 PagesThis diversification of crops can be approached in two major ways, horizontally or vertically. While both are necessary to increase yield, horizontal diversification aims to substitute or add crops into rotation in order to expand crop base, while vertical diversification looks to improve production and storage of crops after they are harvested. Both types of diversification are necessary in order to improve the current economic situation of India’s farmers, and to preserve arable land for higherRead MoreEnvironmental Impact Assessment Of The Sydneys Darling Harbour1244 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: With the development of the world, numbers of environmental issues were threatening people’s life, like rising Greenhouse gas emission. Buildings provide a connection between human society and sustainable environment, especially for Skyscraper (Ainger Fenner 2013). Establishing a new Skyscraper in Darling Harbour is a plan for Company AIIHigh. Causing a large difference for both human being and environment. Darling Harbour is where has lager number of daily flow capacity, meetingRead MoreThe Food And Agriculture Organization1388 Words   |  6 PagesDeveloping countries lack key agricultural infrastructure, such as enough roads, warehouses and irrigation. Natural disasters such as floods, tropical storms and long periods of drought are on the increase. Across the globe, conflicts consistently disrupt farming and food production. Prices rise, consumers often shift to cheaper, less-nutritious foods, heightening the risks of micronutrient deficiencies and other forms of malnut rition. The problem is further aggravated by adverse climatic conditions, withRead MoreAn Industry Study on the Intensive Pig Farming Industry15104 Words   |  61 PagesExecutive Summary Intensive pig farming is an agricultural industry that operates by raising live pigs for slaughtering which will then be turned into pork for human consumption. Piggeries, as the firm is called, serve as a major food source in the Philippines, with the highest grossing per capita consumption among red meats. The industry is fairly attractive to investors as its high capital requirement and risky nature is effectively balanced out by the steady demand of a readily available marketRead MoreThe Effects Of Algae Biofuels On The United States2097 Words   |  9 PagesIncreased energy demands, the need for dependence on oil imports, and rising oil prices have created a new found interest in renewable, biomass fuels. The U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) added onto the Renewable Fuel Standard that required that all U.S. transportation fuels contain at least 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels by 2022. Algae biofuels have the potential to make a significant contribu tion to achieving these goals and having our nation become an energy independent

Interesting Facts about Henry VIII free essay sample

The Tudors encompass one of the most exciting periods in English History. The dynasty of the Tudors include Kings and Queens such as King Henry VIII and his daughters. Interesting Facts about Henry VIII Looking for fast and interesting facts about King Henry VIII? Check out these fast, interesting, important and even little known facts about the famous King of England the Great King Henry VIII of England * Fact 1 King Henry VIII married six times. The names of his wives were Katherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and Katherine Parr * Fact 2 The following rhyme details the order and how the marriages of each of the wives of King Henry VIII ended: Divorced, Beheaded, Died Divorced, Beheaded, Survived Fact 3 His father was the Lancastrian Henry Tudor who defeated the Yorkist King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field on August 22nd 1485 * Fact 4 His mother was Elizabeth of York, the Yorkist daughter of King Edward IV * Fact 5 He was a descendant of King Edward III through his son, John of Gaunt and the commoner Katherine Swynford * Fact 6 His motto was Coeur Loyal, meaning true heart which he illustrated on his clothes in the form of a heart symbol accompanied by the word loyal Fact 7 According to the English chronicler Raphael Holinshed the number of executions in his reign amounted to 72,000! * Fact 8 Two of his wives were beheaded, Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard. We will write a custom essay sample on Interesting Facts about Henry VIII or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Anne and Catherine were cousins * Fact 9 His fifth wife, Catherine Howard, was just 18 years old when she was beheaded * Fact 10 He had three children. His first Child was Mary Tudor who became Queen Mary I (Bloody Mary). His second Child was Elizabeth who became Queen Elizabeth I (the Virgin Queen) and his third Child was Edward who became King Edward VI * Fact 11 His daughter Mary prosecuted Protestants and was responsible for executing 300 people and has therefore been referred to as Bloody Mary ever since. Yet her father was responsible for 72,000 executions, including women, and never given such a nickname * Fact 12 In 1521 King Henry VIII received the title Defender of the Faith from the Catholic Pope Leo X for his opposition to Martin Luther and the Protestant reformation * Fact 13 By 1534 King Henry VIII broke with the Church in Rome and passed the Act of Supremacy making King Henry VIII the head of the newly established Church of England * Fact 14 He had at least two mistresses Bessie Blount and Mary Boleyn, the younger sister of Anne Boleyn * Fact 15 He was an extremely tall man and his height was six foot four inches tall * Fact 16 His early armour showed a waist measurement of waist of about 34 to 36 inches indicating a weight of about 180 to 200 pounds when he was a young man * Fact 17 The last set of armour owned by King Henry VIII showed a waist measurement of waist of about 58 to 60 inches which indicated a weight of about 300 to 320 pounds when he was an old man * Fact 18 King Henry VIII is most often associated with the traditional English song Greensleeves and some believe that he wrote the words and lyrics of Greensleeves for Anne Boleyn   during their turbulent courtship * Fact 19 The English navy increased under Henry VIII from just 5 ships at the beginning of his reign to about 60 ships and he created a great chain of coastal fortresses to defend England against the threat of invasion * Fact 20 His doctors were afraid to tell him that he was dying because the Treason Act forbade anyone from predicting the death of the king

The Establishment of an Immersion Program at a Prep Elementary School in Saudi Arabia

The rationale for the choice of the model The rationale for the establishment of the partial immersion program at an elementary school in Saudi Arabia is based upon the benefits of this model for the students’ cognitive abilities and proficiency in general and political and educational advantages of this model of bilingual education within a broader educational context.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Establishment of an Immersion Program at a Prep Elementary School in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After the disapproval of Separate Underlying Proficiency (SUP) model of bilingualism developed by Cummins in 1984, it was replaced with the Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP) model (Baker Sienkewicz, 2002, p. 73). The underlying assumption of the SUP model that the acquisition of the second language is possible at the expense of the first, and the proportion of the student’s pro ficiency in the primary language decreases proportionally, has been recognized as erroneous. Thus, the visual illustration of the bilingual education representing the two balloons in the head of a student was incorrect. The CUP model assumes that the human brain has enough space for not only two but even more languages. The latter model illustrates the process of bilingual education in the form of an image of two separate icebergs with only their peaks which can be seen on the surface and a common area in which they are fused defined as central processing system. The main conclusion from this assumption is that regardless of the language used, the student’s thoughts are generated within this unified system and bilingual programs are valuable for enhancing the students’ cognitive skills. The peculiarity of the cognitive processes in the elementary school students is an important aspect which should be taken into account for rationalizing the establishment of the immersi on program at a prep school.Advertising Looking for coursework on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is evidence that before puberty students can learn the second language as successfully as their native language because they use the same part of the brain for acquiring the materials from both languages (Baker, 2001, p. 9). The lateralization, which is defined as the process within which each side of the brain develops its specific functions continues until puberty. It explains the benefits of enrolling young learners into the immersion programs which would allow enhancing their chances for receiving a comprehensible input due to the relative simplicity of the curricula at this stage in general and developing a native-like accent in the target language. Along with the benefits of fostering the development of students’ cognitive skills, the establishment of the immersion program at an elementary school in S audi Arabia can have specific cultural and political advantages. On the one hand, taking into account the cultural context of the country is essential to teaching and interpreting language material, which is a powerful social instrument. In that regard, the studies of the Islamic values and Arabic culture are the compulsory elements of the educational program. On the other hand, taking into account the tension in international relations after the events of September 9/11, the establishment of a bilingual program could have positive political implications for the school. The immersion program can help achieve the proclaimed goal of combining Islamic and modern culture in nurturing the growing population.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Establishment of an Immersion Program at a Prep Elementary School in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More English as the language of international communication p lays a significant role in establishing positive international relations and enhancing the students’ literacy can become a contribution to making the country’s perspectives in the international arena more optimistic. The establishment of the immersion program could be helpful for not only educating the specialists knowledgeable in English as the language of international communications and reducing the tension in Saudi Arabian relations with other countries intensified after the attacks of September 11, 2001. The events on September 11, 2001, fueled the criticism of Saudi involvement into the terrorist financing affairs and the country’s relative laxity in combating the terrorist groups on its territory (Blanchard Prados, 2007, CRS1). Numerous allegations regarding the ties between the Saudi officials and ordinary citizens on the one hand and the terrorist organization Al Qaeda with its leader the exiled Saudi terrorist Osama bin Laden, on the other hand, have been made in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. The accusations of Saudi involvement in terrorist financing were partially based on the extreme religious views in the country and the tradition of zakat as the charitable contributions from every citizen counting for about 5% of the individual’s income which are frequently anonymous and not adequately reported but are regarded as the religious obligation for Muslims at the same time. In that regard, fostering the teaching of the English language by establishing the immersion program in the elementary school can be considered as the sign of updating the educational programs, balancing the traditional cultural values, the universal humanistic values and the international culture heritage in the school curricula as the strategy intended to improve the Saudi international relations. Thus, the improved chances for better development of the students’ language competency and cognitive skills in general and positive cult ural and political implications of establishing the partial immersion program in the elementary school can be regarded as the significant benefits and rationale for introducing the bilingual programs into the Saudi Arabian curricula (Garcia, 2009, p. 104).Advertising Looking for coursework on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis of the program’s contribution to the children’s language acquisition Along with the advantages is compliant of the bilingual education for the students’ cognitive development, the immersion program with the major principles of language acquisition in elementary school and can become a valuable contribution to the students’ language competency. Currently, the immersion programs are internationally recognized by educators and politicians as advantageous for not only students’ acquisition of the target language, but also enhancing their knowledge of the first language. There is evidence that in comparison to traditional education models, the immersion language programs provide additional opportunities for developing multilingual competence and gaining higher levels of communicative proficiency (Lindholm-Leary, 2001, p. 1). Acknowledging the cultural foundations of the language, it can be stated that immersion programs can not only enhance stu dents’ linguistic competence but also increase their cultural sensitivity. The early introduction of foreign languages gains expanded support from educators, business, and political leaders. The present-day language teaching techniques are characterized with the shift towards the proficiency-oriented instruction focused on the learners’ practical skills instead of their theoretical knowledge of the language rules (Ryan Cooper, 2010, p. 135). The shift of priorities in the language teaching models and the growing popularity of the immersion programs can be attributed to the advent of the concept of additive bilingualism. According to the theories of additive bilingualism, the introduction of the second language instruction not only does not hinder the further development of the native language competence but, on the contrary, complements it through comparing and contrasting materials in the two languages and enriching the cultural experience. It is significant to empha size the importance of creating the additive bilingual environment in the classroom enrolled into the immersion program instead of a subtractive program in which the introduction of the second language is conducted at the cost of the native language, replacing it (Baker, 2001, p. 307). The submersion approach can have some negative implications for the students’ performance and even their self-esteem. It explains the choice of the model of partial immersion model for Saudi Arabian elementary school, which would allow creating an additive bilingual environment favorable for enhancing the students’ language competence and communicative proficiency. The favorable classroom environment is significant for the students’ academic and personal development and can be created in the immersion programs due to the relative language homogeneity among the students. The early introduction of the second language and first immersion implies that all children are the beginners wh o lack the second language proficiency. In other words, there would not be any significant disparity between the students’ status regarding their second language proficiency which might be possible if some children were more proficient than others (Baker, 2001, p. 306). Another significant aspect to be considered in the early introduction of the immersion program is balancing the objectives of promoting the students’ second language proficiency and ensuring their overall achievement throughout the academic curriculum. Taking into account the importance of the elementary stage for the students’ academic performance in the future, the goal of developing children’s bilingual proficiency requires appropriate immersion teachers’ training for them to be able to balance the two sides of the immersion program without sacrificing any of the educational objectives. Along with the difficulties of creating an additive bilingual classroom environment and balanc ing the education objectives of enhancing the language competence and the academic performance, early immersion model predetermines students’ improved cognitive skills and better performance in the two languages. Based on the CUP model discussed above, according to which the competencies in two languages do not develop at the expense of one another, but instead go side by side and overlap in the area of the central processing system used for solving general problems and generating thoughts before expressing them in any of the languages. In terms of the central processing system, as it is outlined in the CUP model, the concepts which were learned in one language can be easily transferred to another language. The primary assumption of this model is that the two languages interrelate strongly during the immersion period and allow enhancing the overall students’ lingual proficiency and communicative skills (Baker Sienkewicz, 2002, p. 73). In other words, the early introdu ction of the second language not only does not deter the development of the first language skills but rather complements and fosters them. There is evidence that education program can be performed in one or more languages without any significant effects upon the level of students’ skills. However, it should be noted that the language used in the classroom needs to be well-developed so that to comply with the demands of the curriculum assignments. Otherwise, operating an insufficiently developed second language in the school can harm the student’s academic performance. In that regard, the early immersion program is advantageous due to the relative simplicity of the curriculum materials which would allow students to develop their linguistic proficiency at its fullest without reducing their academic achievements. Even though the significant idea of the CUP model concerning the integrated source of thought in bilinguals used for both languages is questioned by the Sapir-Wh orf hypothesis claiming that different languages provide different views of the world, it does not diminish the benefits of the immersion model for the students’ linguistic proficiency in both languages. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that different languages can influence the individual’s way of thinking through their varied structures, concepts, and discourse (Baker, 2001, p. 170). However, even assuming that different languages allow viewing the concepts under different angles, it can be stated that the acquisition of the second language would only extend the students’ views and enhance their understanding of specific issues. Thus, the translation of meanings across the languages of the program would foster the development of the students’ cognitive skills. Reasons for the content areas to be taught The main issues which need to be taken into account in developing an early partial immersion program for a Saudi Arabian elementary school include the tradi tional values of Muslim culture, the standards of academic performance for elementary students and the demands of developing the second language proficiency at the level sufficient for complete comprehension of the academic instructions provided in the target language. It is recommended to consider the rule of 5 Cs, including the aspects of culture, communication, connections, comparisons, and communities for developing a comprehensive language immersion program (Garcia Baker, 2007, p. 13). Thus, the modern principles of bilingual education need to be adapted to the needs of a specific community and compliant with the laws of Indigenous country. The innovative approach to teaching languages in the era of enhanced international communication needs to be connected to the traditional values of the local culture. Serious consideration should be given to the role of religious beliefs in the Saudi Arabian community and culture. Though frequently even criticized because of its extreme rel igious views, the Saudi Arabian culture would be incomplete if deprived of theological subject area which is essential to the studies of the social sciences and the students’ socialization. On the other hand, in the context of the current modernization course and the goal of balancing the indigenous culture with modern international perspectives and the objective of improving the global relationships, the religious elements should not be overemphasized in the program, but rather balanced with the rest of the educational course. A complex consideration of the principles of the 5Cs framework can be defined as the most appropriate approach to selecting the subject areas which need to be included into the curriculum of the elementary students and the choice of the language of instruction for each specific discipline in the partial immersion project which would allow achieving the goals of enhancing the levels of the students’ linguistic proficiency without reducing their a cademic achievements or neglecting their cultural or spiritual needs. Focusing on the aspects of the culture and community from the 5 Cs framework, the subject areas of Islam studies and cultural values need to be incorporated into the curriculum of the elementary school. Taking into account the role of the religious studies in the Saudi Arabian community, it should be noted that theological studies need to become an essential element of the school curricula. Whereas the partial immersion program implies using the two languages, and the Arabian language is critical to transferring the main concepts of Muslim culture to children. In that regard, the instruction in a native language is preferable for such subject areas as theology and native culture containing some specific concepts which cannot be translated into the second language due to the lack of free equivalents in a foreign culture. The choice of the subjects to be taught in a foreign language can be rationalized by the need o f shifting the emphasis from theoretical materials towards the actual use of these materials in practice. Taking into account the principle of the CUP model which is put into the basis of the partial immersion program and according to which the common processing mechanism is used by the students for generating thoughts before expressing them in any of the two languages, it would be reasonable to provide the instructions for the subjects which require significant thinking operations in a second language. For instance, such subjects as mathematics, art, and the basics of social sciences can be taught in English without any significant decrease in their academic performance. Because these subjects require enhanced thinking processes which are prioritized over operation of the language materials, it can be stated that the use of a foreign language for a partial immersion program would allow shifting the focus towards the involved content instead of concentrating on the observation of th e language rules. Thus, providing students with opportunities for expressing their thoughts in a foreign language not for the sake of training the language skills but for the purpose of solving concrete academic problems might be helpful for enhancing their linguistic proficiency. As compared to the observation of the artificial use of the language materials in the imitated learning situations in traditional language models, providing the instructions for math, art and other subject areas requiring enhanced thinking activities and based upon more or less universal terminology independent from the coloring of the local culture would allow improve the students’ language proficiency without reducing their academic achievements. Along with the 5Cs framework and the consideration of the cultural demands of the Saudi Arabian community, another significant issue which should be taken into account when developing an effective bilingual program is the peculiarities of the development of the cognitive skills and perception of the academic materials in students at a given time. This approach would allow taking the advantages of the natural development of students instead of suppressing the natural processes in them. Thus, there is evidence that the early immersion programs can have positive effects on the students’ listening abilities and the skills of oral production (Lyster, 2007, p. 12). For this reason, the listening and speaking exercises deserve serious consideration in most subject areas, regardless of the chosen language of instruction for them. Without concentrating children’s attention upon the general rules for operating the language materials of the second language, the early immersion programs allow developing language fluency in learners through training their listening, comprehension and speaking skills while solving particular academic problems (Khan and Aziz, 2011, p. 107). Taking into account the importance of the listening exercise s in the early immersion programs, it should be noted that the teachers working according to this model need to be not only enthusiastic about creating the bilingual environment, but also have profound language skills in both English and Arabian, close or equal to the levels of native speakers. The educators’ attitudes and prior training play an essential role in the development of the students’ linguistic and communicative proficiency (Lee, Luykx, Buxton, Shaver, 2007, p. 1270). Due to the fact that the introduction of an early immersion model into the curriculum of a Saudi Arabian elementary school presupposes significant shifts in the educators’ traditional views of the school curriculum and approaches to teaching foreign languages, sufficient training would be required for changing not only the elements of the curriculum and the language of instruction in specific subject areas, but also the teachers’ perception of the academic outcomes and the educa tional objectives. Moreover, at the initial stages of the introduction of a new program of bilingual education, teachers will have to pay special attention to the levels of the students’ second language comprehension which has to be sufficient so that not to deter the children’s academic progress. On the other hand, the academic assignments need to be challenging so that students could concentrate on generating the solutions for the specific educational programs before expressing them in any of the program languages. Regardless of the criticism of the early immersion programs for the lack of the language creativity (Donato Tucker, 2010, p. 88), this model can be beneficial for developing the students’ fluency in the second language, enhancing their competence in the first language and even improving their cognitive skills on the condition that the framework of the 5CS is put into the basis of the school curriculum, and the objective of enhancing the studentsâ⠂¬â„¢ linguistic proficiency is balanced with the demands of the academic materials and cultural needs of a specific community. Regarding the development of a complex curriculum for the introduction of an early partial immersion model in the Saudi Arabian elementary school, the instruction in a native Arabian language is preferable for such study areas as religion and culture, whereas the second English language would be appropriate for the education in mathematics and art. Summary of the most critical  points The rationale for the establishment of the early partial immersion program at an elementary school in Saudi Arabia is focused upon the benefits of this model for the development of the students’ language competence, language skills and the positive political implications within broader educational and social contexts. After Cummins’ SUP model of bilingualism has been disapproved, it has been replaced with an innovative CUP model. Rejecting Cummins’ assum ption that the acquisition of the second language is performed at the expense of the first language proficiency, the CUP model claims that the addition of the second language is beneficial for the child’s cognitive development in general. According to the CUP model, the integrated mechanism of generating thoughts is used by students for solving the academic problems before expressing the achieved solutions in any of the program languages. Regardless of the recent tendency to reject the primary assumption of the CUP model concerning the integrated mechanism used for the thinking processes by claiming that varied languages with their specific syntactic constructions and concepts lacking absolute equivalents in other languages, the assumption that the bilingual classroom environment is beneficial for enhancing the levels of the students’ linguistic proficiency. Even if the constructions and concepts of a specific language affect the students’ perspectives upon the discussed concepts and perception of the academic materials, the acquisition of the second language will help extend the students’ views on concrete academic problems and enhancing their understanding of specific issues. Regarding the positive political implications of creating the bilingual environment in an elementary Saudi Arabian school, it can be stated that with the current situation in the international area, the introduction of the early immersion programs and enhancing the levels of the students’ proficiency in the English language as a language of global communications is significant for establishing positive relations with other countries. Taking into account that the religious extremism and cultural peculiarities of Saudi Arabian community predetermined the international criticism of the country, its officials and citizens for their involvement into the terrorism financing affairs, the measures need to be imposed for updating the national culture and educat ional programs. Balancing the social coloring of the school curricula with the needs of the new community and the tension in the international relations with the other countries in the aftermath of the events of the September 11, the basic concepts of the Saudi Arabian Muslim culture need to be preserved in the school curriculum. It is essential to create a positive bilingual environment and prevent suppression of the local culture so that to foster the students’ comprehensive development. In that regard, the partial immersion model can contribute to the students’ comprehensive development complying not only with their academic needs but also satisfying their social and spiritual demands which are significant for the process of their socialization. The framework of 5Cs is the most appropriate approach to balancing the various educational demands in developing a practical language teaching program, including the community, connections, culture, comparisons, and communic ation. The main burden of evaluating and controlling the levels of the students’ linguistic proficiency in both Arabian and English languages is put upon the educators. For this reason, special attention should be paid to the teachers’ immersion training and attitudes towards the establishment of the innovative model at the Saudi Arabian elementary school. With the recent shift towards the language teaching models based upon operation of the language materials instead of focusing on theoretical issues, the establishment of the early immersion program in the elementary Saudi Arabian school would allow the school going with the times even though would require additional efforts of the educators and administrators for balancing the different objectives of the curriculum and controlling the effectiveness of its establishment for preventing the possible hazards of the reverse effects. The choice of a new immersion strategy is also significant because it would allow taking t he advantages of the relatively homogeneous linguistic environment in the class and the relative simplicity of the curriculum. Though there was no evidence of decreasing the students’ academic performance due to the second language instructions in the 50% of the study areas, the measures need to be imposed for controlling the levels of the students’ academic performance and second language comprehension which need to be sufficient for solving challenging academic problems. Reference List Baker, C. Sienkewicz, A. (2002). The care and education of young bilinguals: An introduction for professionals. Tonawanda, NY: Multilingual Matters Ltd. Baker, C. (2001). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism. (4th ed.) Multilingual Matters. Blanchard, C. Prados, A. (September 2007) Saudi Arabia: Terrorist financing issues. CRS Report for Congress. Web. Donato, R. Tucker, G. (2010). A tale of two schools: Developing sustainable early foreign language programs. Tonawand a, NY: Multilingual Matters. Garcia, O. Baker, C. (2007). Bilingual education: An introductory reader. Tonawanda, NY: Multilingual Matters. Garcia, O. (2009). Bilingual education in the 21st Century. Benefits of Bilingualism (pp. 93-107). Multilingual Matters. Khan, A. and Aziz, K. (March 2011) Role of applied linguistics in the teaching of English in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of English Linguistics, 1 (1), 105-113. Lee, O., Luykx, A., Buxton, C., Shaver, A. (November 2007). The challenge of altering elementary school teachers’ beliefs and practices regarding linguistic and cultural diversity in science instruction. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 44(9), 1269-1291. Lindholm-Leary, K. (2001). Dual language education. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. Lyster, R. (2007). Learning and teaching languages through content: A counterbalanced approach. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing. Ryan, K. Cooper, J. (2010). Those who can, teach. Boston, MA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Saunders, Semonsky, C. Spielberger, M. (2004). Early language learning: A model for success. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing. This coursework on The Establishment of an Immersion Program at a Prep Elementary School in Saudi Arabia was written and submitted by user Ishaan T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Political Party Logos - Republican Elephant and Democrat Donkey

Political Party Logos - Republican Elephant and Democrat Donkey Republicans have long been associated with elephants, and Democrats have embraced the  donkey for centuries in American politics. Related Story:  Why Republicans Are Red and Democrats Are Blue But where did those icons come from? And why have the elephant and donkey symbols stood the test of time? About the Democratic Donkey The Democrats use of the donkey has its roots in the presidential campaign of 1828, often described as one of the dirtiest political campaigns in U.S. history. Related Story: Do Negative Ads Work? President John Quincy Adams was being challenged by  Democratic Andrew Jackson, who had a colorful history that his opponents sought to capitalize on.  As 19th Century history expert Robert McNamara has written: For those who detested Andrew Jackson, there was a goldmine of material, as Jackson was famed for his incendiary temper and had led a life filled with violence and controversy. He had taken part in several duels, killing a man in a notorious one in 1806. When commanding troops in 1815, he had ordered the execution of militia members accused of desertion. Even Jackson’s marriage became fodder for campaign attacks. Jacksons political opponents took to referring to him as a jackass, a  derogatory term the candidate eventually embraced. Explains Smithsonian: Emboldened by his detractors, Jackson embraced the image as the symbol of his campaign, rebranding the donkey as steadfast, determined, and willful, instead of wrong-headed, slow, and obstinate. Related Story:  Print a Coloring Page Showing  the Donkey and Elephant The image of Jackson as a donkey stuck. In January of 1870,  Harpers Weekly political cartoonist and loyal  Republican  Thomas Nast began using the donkey to represent Democrats on a regular basis and the imagery stuck. The cartoon was titled  A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion. About the Republican Elephant Nast is responsible for the Republican elephant, as well. He first use an elephant to represent Republicans in a  Harpers Weekly cartoon in November of 1874. He would go on to use it many more times, though it remains uncertain why, specifically, Nast chose an elephant to represent the Republican Party. Wrote The New York Times: By the 1880 presidential election, cartoonists for other publications had incorporated the elephant symbol into their own work, and by March 1884 Nast could refer to the image he had created for the Republican Party as â€Å"The Sacred Elephant.†

How to become an OTR driver

How to become an OTR driver When you think of the phrase â€Å"truck driver,† you’re probably envisioning an over-the-road (OTR) truck driver: someone who drives a big rig long distances to deliver a load of freight. As opposed to delivery drivers, who typically have set local routes, OTR truckers can transport goods across the county, state, or even country. There’s something very appealing and old-school about the idea of hitting the open road- is it the right option for you? What does an OTR trucker do?OTR trucking (also known as long-haul trucking) is a type of driving that involves using large tractor-trailer trucks to haul freight of all kinds (including heavy loads of goods, machinery, or other equipment) long distances. Routes are typically across state lines, and may include parts of the United States and Canada- basically anywhere accessible by main roads and highways.This is definitely not your typical 9-to-5 job. These drivers work on demanding schedules and can be away from hom e for weeks at a time. These schedules may require driving nights, weekends, or holidays to meet unforgiving deadlines. It can also be a very solitary job, with drivers often traveling alone on long trips.What skills does an OTR trucker have?OTR truckers are masters of logistics and need to have a number of skills ready to go, on the road or not.Driving Skills:  This may seem like a no-brainer, but OTR drivers require some next-level driving skills. Drivers should drive with an eye on safety and their freight at all times. And in addition to a commercial driver’s license (CDL), a clean driving record is essential for scoring a job in OTR trucking.Mechanical Skills:  Out on the road, you may need to be your own mechanic, if something happens out of AAA range or a place where the nearest mechanic is miles away. OTR drivers should have a solid base set of mechanical skills to be able to troubleshoot minor mechanical difficulties along the way.Time Management Skills:  Nothi ng drives (pun mostly intended) a trucker’s world more than the delivery schedule. Truckers need to be able to manage their time independently and efficiently to make sure they’re delivering their freight on schedule.Self-Starter Skills:  Out on the road, you won’t have a boss looking over your shoulder to make sure you’re doing everything that needs doing or staying on task and on time. Truckers should be able to independently determine what needs to be done and develop a game plan for delivering the load on schedule and without major issues.What do you need to become an OTR trucker?The most essential step in becoming an OTR driver is getting your CDL certification. The licensing process may vary by state, but will involve a combination of a written test and a practical driving test. As with any driving test, you can go it alone and try to cram on your own, but there are many commercial driving schools that offer programs that train you, walk you throu gh testing, and prepare you for what life will be like as an OTR driver. The CDL focuses on the skills and mechanical know-how necessary to operate large tractor trailers. You can also get optional certification in specialties like transporting hazardous materials.How much do OTR drivers get paid?According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary for delivery drivers is $41,430, or $19.87 per hour. This can vary pretty widely, depending on factors like the driver’s experience level, the type of freight being transported, and the distance. Some drivers are paid a flat rate for an entire trip, while others are paid by the mile.What’s the outlook for OTR drivers?This is a very steady field and will continue to be so. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics anticipates that the OTR driving field will grow by about 5% by 2024.

HW Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HW - Math Problem Example b. 1. What is the estimated adjusted mean difference in hourly wages for females as compared to males, adjusting for age, union membership, and job type? When age, Union Membership and type of job were taken into consideration, it was found that women earned approximately 1.9 dollars lesser per hour then men did in 1985. 2. Report a 95% confidence interval for this difference. The 95% CI for this difference ranges from -2.76 to -1.04. 3. Write a sentence interpreting both the adjusted mean difference and the corresponding confidence interval. When considering other variables like age, union membership and job type, women in 1985 earned approximately 1.9 dollars less than the men did; and 95% of the times, the actual values for this estimate would fall between 2.76 dollars to 1.04 dollars less then what the men earned on an average. 2. Comment on any disparities in the estimated mean difference in hourly wages between males and females in the four models whose results are listed above . Does it appear from these results that the wage/gender relationship in confounded by other worker characteristics such as worker age, membership in a union, and job type? Why or why not? Across the four models; it is evident that woman did earn lesser than men did per hour in 1985. This effect was seen regardless of the variables included in the study. Adjusting for age increased the discrepancy slightly; while adjusting for job type and union membership in addition to age decreased the discrepancy between the average wages of men and woman slightly. In spite of this, it is difficult to say that these variables play a very significant role; since the differences seen were quite small; and the confidence intervals for the four models overlapped quite a lot. It may be said that variable like age, union membership and job type did affect the discrepancy in the average wages of men and women; but this effect was quite small. 3. Use the results from Model D to estimate the mean differe nce in hourly wages for females, age 42, who are union members with manufacturing jobs, as compared to 42-year male union members with manufacturing jobs. (Note that you have already done this in a previous portion of the problem – I am just trying to â€Å"drill into you† how to interpret multiple linear regression coefficients.) After controlling for Union membership, type of job and age, it was found that women earned on an average, 1.9 dollars less than men in 1985. 4. 1. Does the given information allow you to assess whether the relationship between hourly wages and sex is modified by age? By itself, the data available is not enough to assess if the relationship between hourly wages and sex is modified by age. 2. If not, what additional results would you need to see? We would need information on the significance testing of the F values for the regression analyses in order to estimate whether age does truly affect the relationship between hourly wages and sex; or w hether the observed effect is simply a function of the sampled data. 2. Question two a) 1. What is the estimated adjusted association between Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and

Art Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Art Education - Essay Example Dancing is another form of art which emphasizes on the movement of the body in rhythm to the music. Dancing is used for expression of emotions, energy release, and being joyful of the movement itself. Riitta Pasanen Willberg introduces somatic choreography approach in relating the ideas of dancers with their choreographers on performances. Her aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of the exercises on the dancers in order to assess if the goals of the choreography were attained. Somatic practices are intended to raise kinesthetic awareness and to listen to one’s physical sensations, unlike just focusing on the visual view, imitation, and repetition of movements. Theatre Arts is a form of art wherein the actions of the body particularly facial expressions and human voices are used by performers in interpreting and creating drama in a story. It uses several elements like the architecture, lighting, stage craft, and sound design. John William Sommers argues that theatre can stimulate changes in art, a belief that is contradictory to U.S. Cornerstone Theatre Company Artistic Director Bill Rauch’s idea that one cannot predict art changes. He introduces the term Applied Drama which involves an application of direct experiences to create changes. In his study, he concludes that change is possible through the creation of situations in which people will experience favorable conditions where changes in values, knowledge, and attitudes can happen. Visual Arts is another form of art which focuses on presentations that are seen and appreciated by the naked eye. These presentations are in the form of paintings, sculptures, collages, etc. Terrence McCraw discusses about the distinction of arts from crafts. He provides one instance that explains the distinction. It was during the Reformation where embroidery became popular with more focus on the different designs. McCraw cites that the embroidery production created shared features with arts and crafts which made them similar. However according to him, the connotations of crafts in the modern period are still present in the embroidery works that were produced domestically which makes the point above confusing. III. RECOMMENDATION For music, the studies on musical therapy and the effects of music on the human brain function are significant topics that can be discussed and expounded in art education. For dancing, the study of somatics is also an interesting mechanism for effective body movement and coordination. In theatre arts the notion of Applied Drama is an essential tool for art change for versatility. Lastly, the distinction of arts from crafts is a good topic for debate when understanding the nature of art and its disciplines.

Carnival Cruise Lines Essay Example for Free

Carnival Cruise Lines Essay In the case of Kirby vs. Carnival, I hold Carnival Cruise Lines responsible for her injury. There are several reasons why, first the bartender is responsible for her overall consumptions of alcohol, there is a history of guests that have either fallen or jumped over board and finally there is the fact that carnival never took it upon themselves to call for air lift transportation to the nearest hospital. Bartenders at Carnival Cruise Lines rely on big tabs and tips to make their earnings. Since they need to build up their tabs, why not get an innocent guest just looking to have a good time – extremely intoxicated? I feel like the bartender encouraged the drinking by offering five-dollar certificates for the casino. The more she drank, the more free money for the casino she got. She was visibly drunk when she left the bar, the bartender should have asked a crewmember to escort her to her room and told her friend to keep an eye out for her as a simple standard of care. Carnival Cruise Line has a history of passengers falling off or jumping off their ships, about 30 incidents a year are reported. Some of those passengers have unfortunately passed away because of this. If Carnival Cruise Line knows this, then why don’t they go above and beyond for their own guest’s safety? They should have had more cameras, more detectors, and more employees that care enough about the passengers to not let them get so intoxicated. Finally, Carnival Cruise Line is negligent for not stopping immediately to rescue her. They left her in the middle of the sea for almost two hours. The longer you stay in the water, the worse your injuries get. When they finally get her back to ship, the independent contractor they hired as a doctor could not assist her since her injuries were of an emergency level. The only thing the doctor did was give her pain relief medicine, which of course will never work for these types of injuries. Also, Carnival Cruise Line should have air lifted her to the nearest capable medical facilities, even without her consent to pay. Carnival Cruise Line could have offered to pay for at least the air lifting services, it is the least they can do for her and her family after going through this entire trauma. In conclusion, I feel Carnival Cruise Line is guilty of standards of care and negligence on their part. They are the ones that in the industry, and should provide extreme safety procedures, especially after there is a history of passengers falling or jumping over board. Also the bartender is responsible for her overall consumptions of alcohol, particularly because Carnival Cruise Lines has total control of alcohol on their ships. They do not let guests bring their own alcohol; their consumption and alcohol intoxication solely rely on Carnival Cruise Lines to provide that for them. As a final point, Carnival Cruise Line never took it upon them to give her proper medical attention.

First Exchange between Beatrice and Benedick being Greeted with Delight

The first exchange between Beatrice and Benedick is always greeted with delight in the theatre? Explain why this is so. Act one scene one of Much Ado About Nothing is always greeted with delight in the theatre for many reasons. It begins when Don Pedro and company enter a "golden world" in Messina where the women are already located. In this situation, people fail to take things seriously, causing the war of swords to soon turn into a war of words. Benedick and Beatrice are the main examples of male/female rivalry that converts into belligerent wordplay. The scene is greeted with delight because it is the first encounter between Beatrice and Benedick and Leonato has already explained the situation between them, stimulating the audience with the want to know more about the relationship between them. ?There is a kind of merry war betwixt Signor Benedick and her: they never meet but there?s a skirmish of wit between them.? Leonato explains the relationship between Beatrice and Benedick to the messenger. We also already know what Beatrice thinks of Benedict from her first line in the play whereupon she as ks ?I pray you is Signior Mountanto returned from the wars or no?? Here she makes a joke about Benedick?s arrogance as Signior Mountanto can be translated as Signior Stuck up. However there may be more to this than meets the eye, it is obvious that she cares about him otherwise she would not have asked but the covers this up with a snide comment bout the ego of Benedick. Here the audience has already established that both Beatrice?s verbal wit and dexterity and her apparent disdain for Benedick and what might be seen as her attempt to mask her true feelings and this is greeted with delight in the theatre. The clash of wit between ... ...and mistrust. He is grateful for his mother, but plans to have no other women in his life. Like Beatrice, by insulting the female gender, he is proclaiming the male gender as supreme. From this we see that Beatrice and Benedick are actually very similar. Both believe that they are joyous and pleasing, for example Benedick states ?I am merry? and is described as ?from the crown of his head to the sole of his foot, he is all mirth?. Beatrice also states that she was ?born to speak all mirth and no matter? and is described as ?a pleasant spirited lady?. Beatrice and Benedick are also similar because of their desire to stay single. We see this in the comments, ?I will live a bachelor? by Benedick and ?She cannot endure to hear tell of a husband? by Leonato about Beatrice. This shows Shakespeare?s dramatic irony as they end up falling in love with each other at the end.

Benefits of Higher Education

The number of college graduates has recently been on the increase. Due to the increase of college graduates, there is a lot of competition in hunting for a Job. Many companies have been cutting back on hiring due to the slow down in the economy. When I think about what it takes to get a well-paying Job these days, one must be very knowledgeable about many different topics. This means companies are looking for people who can hit the ground running when they hire them.In addition to one's knowledge they possess, a college diploma is very important while Job hunting. According to the essay, â€Å"Are they really ready to work†, mfoung people need a ange of skills, both basic academic skills as well as the ability to apply these skills and knowledge in the workplace. At the high school level, well over one-half of new entrants are deficiently prepared in the most important skills – Oral and Written Communications, Professionalism/Work Ethic, and Critical Thinking/Problem So lving â€Å"(Casner-Lotto, and Barrington, 2006, p. 51). Generally, there is a limit to what students can learn until they graduate from high school. The time spent in high school is not enough time to gain sufficient knowledge or skill to get a well paying Job. Additionally, high school is place where one learns a little about a lot of different things, receiving a general education. On the other hand, even if students have a college diploma, they still lack some skills, such as writing in English, written communications, and leadership, but they are better prepared than high school graduates.Especially, at the college level, students can concentrate on areas that they think they would want to work in the future, so they can get specialized knowledge and technology. Why do we need adequate skills? The essay â€Å"Work and Workers in the Twenty- First Century' stated that â€Å"Automation will continue to displace low-skilled or unskilled workers in America's manufacturing firms and offices† (Judy, and Amico, 1997, p. 234). In the twenty-first century, there is increased use of computers, robots, and automation in the workplace.This mechanization certainly has brought production costs down, but has lead to fewer unskilled Jobs available in America. The lost of these unskilled Jobs makes it more competitive for the unskilled labors, with not all unskilled labors able to find adequate paying Jobs. Therefore, the companies now require us to have brains. In addition, the physical labors are moving to second and third world countries, in order to build the groundwork for these developing economies.Studying at a college or university in the US these days, could cost tens of thousands of dollars annually including the student's room and board cost. So after a 4 years of thousand dollars. These students must start paying their loans back shortly after they graduate. With employers not hiring and very limited Jobs available, these graduates have a difficult ti me findings Jobs paying the salaries required to pay their loans. Now, if tudents live with their parents, they do not have to pay for room, and board, but only tuition and material fees.Although the students college education is cost them less due to the fact that they did not have to pay for room and board, the cost of the education is still a big burden on most families. However, according to the essay â€Å"The Private Benefits of Higher Education†, there is a big difference between salaries for high school graduates and college graduates. â€Å"Among wage and salary workers between the age 25 and 34, median annual earnings were 58% higher for men who completed at least a achelor's degree than for men who completed only high school ($42,341 vs. 26,842), but 92% higher for women who earned at least a bachelor's degree than for women who earned only a high school diploma ($32,145 vs. $16,770; Perna, 2013, p. 451). † As stated above, men who received at least bachelor 's degree are able to earn more than one and half times more than the median high school graduate. Now as for woman, the numbers are even more pronounced than for the men with a women who earns a Bachelor earns about doubled than that of the median women with only a high school diploma.Research shows that parents with low income and no academic qualifications normally do not have a lot of information about how to get financial aid for their children. Job hunting is a highly competitive in the twenty first century. Moreover, mechanization and globalization narrow the workplace in the US. Therefore, although students have to pay a lot of money to go to a college or university, they still pursue college education. This is due to that higher education will be useful in order to find well-paying Job. In the next five years, college graduates will continue to increase more and more.

Pros and Cons of Using Microsoft Word

PROS and Cons of Using Microsoft Word PROS and Cons of Using Microsoft Word Jordan Morris Lavetta Noel Word Processing November, 21 2012 Pros and Cons of Using Microsoft Word Word processing is one of the most widely used elements within the information technology family. Today instead of learning to type, which was what people did a few years ago, students are taught word processing and keyboarding. More mature users who have been in the workforce for some years have had to learn word processing as they go.In today’s society, whether in private life or professional, it is safe to say that people of all ages have encountered a word processing program at one time or another. Without a doubt word processing software has greatly improved efficiency in the office, allowed for users to more easily keep copies of documents that they prepare and has forced most of us to become just a little more tech savvy than we would have been using just a typewriter. Among the word processing tit les available in the market today, Microsoft Word is the number one choice.With its user friendly design and wide range of features, Microsoft Word is an essential tool for most computer users. Another benefit that Microsoft Word enjoys is its long life in the market place. Word has been the choice for many businesses for well over a decade, virtually ensuring that most people who use a word processing software package in their workplace have used Word, and are familiar with it at some level. As with all products there are benefits that are easy to enjoy, and there are also some elements which challenge most users.In most cases the significant challenges in using Microsoft Word are found in the features which are not regularly used. It is the lack of familiarity due to limited practice which creates these challenges. This paper will now review some of these challenges, along with some of the benefits. For the basic user, Microsoft Word is unquestionably a powerful word processing pa ckage. The basic formatting options are just a click away, the names and functions of these options are intuitive and easy to understand. Quick corrections, or even moving blocks of text around the document is extremely easy.Spelling and grammatical mistakes are pointed out immediately, bullets and numbers can be done automatically, aligning text takes just one click, images and figures can be attached and laid out easily, copying documents is fast and easy, there is a thesaurus feature when needed, there are templates for just about everything, and there is always the option to ask for help via the program. Listed here are only a very small portion of all the great features Microsoft Word has to offer. While Microsoft is indeed a very solid package, it is not without its challenges.More advanced formatting options can be difficult to find and use. Many times users will see documents and presentations and want to model their own output after these things, only to become very frustra ted at their own computer looking through countless menus and doing searches in the help directory. People can also become careless in terms of spelling and grammar, as they know if they make an error, Microsoft Word will come to the rescue. Unfortunately, these composition aids are not absolutely foolproof, and do let some word use and application errors go right on through to the final document without a moment’s protest.Other challenges include such things as when a format has been implemented and as a user one is unable to remove it. These formatting issues can extend all the way down to the appearance of a bullet pointed or numbered list in terms of the formatting rejecting user input in favor of an existing format. These types of challenges can be very frustrating when one has a very specific idea of the desired appearance of a document but a path just cannot be found within Word to make the correction.The temptation of plagiarism also exists due to the ease of using th e copy and paste feature from virtually any one source to another. These are just a few things about Microsoft Word. The list of the pros and cons of Microsoft Word could easily be expanded depending on the experiences of the individual. Unfortunately in order to have the level of functionality within Microsoft Word, it is impossible to avoid getting caught in formats and settings that can cause more frustrations than anything.What is important is for one to distinguish what works and what does not in relation to one’s needs and purposes while using the program. One path to improving the overall situation is a Microsoft word class, workshop, or seminar where one can learn about some of the advanced functions and better manage them. Bibliography Macinta, Timothy W. What's so Bad About Microsoft? 2012. 21 November 2012 ;http://www. kmfms. com/whatsbad. html;. Pilola, Melanie. What is Microsoft Word? February 2006. 21 November 2012 ;http://www. acpl. lib. in. us/ssh/Basic%20Word . pdf;.

Jewish Military

Jewish Military The existence of any society is highly dependent on security. Since antiquity civilizations have been exploited and/or decimated due to incapability's of providing for their own security. For centuries, the Jewish people, whether in the contemporary state of Israel or in the Diaspora have been victims of .persecution by superior empires and denied the right to their own sovereignty. Historically, world Jewry has experienced humiliation, persecution and at times decimation. Rejecting the Jews is best illustrated by observing Jewry under the most powerful and merciless of empires. The Romans, who ruled during the origins of Christianity, have been the most effective when it came to the persecution of Jews. The Roman Empire was responsible for the destruction of the holy city of Jerusalem including the Temple while ruling over Judea. In the later centuries of Roman rule, the empire forced Jewish conversion to Christianity and transformed Jewish synagogues into churches (The Jew in the M edieval World: Source Book, 2000).Israel Eldad (Scheib) (1910-1996), Israeli indepen...

Free ACT Practice Tests Massive Collection of Online Sources

Free ACT Practice Tests Massive Collection of Online Sources SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When you’re trying to prepare for the ACT, the last thing you want to worry about is finding ACT practice tests. To help make the process a little less stressful for you, we’ve compiled this huge list of sources for free ACT practice tests and questions. Not all practice tests are created equal, though. For each test source, I’ll talk about how you can best use the practice material to best prepare for the ACT. Why Do You Need ACT Practice Tests? You, of course, understand that in order to prep for the ACT, you need practice material. Ultimately, though, you may need more practice tests (and more supplementary materials) than you’d expect. Let’s talk about the three key reasons why you’ll need an arsenal of tests and questions to go into the ACT 100% prepared. Real Practice One of the most stressful parts of taking any standardized test is sitting through potentially uncomfortable testing conditions. You have to stay focused and alert for several hours with few breaks, and you have to jump from section to section without breaking your stride. Taking officialACT practice tests under realistic testing conditions helps prepare you for test day. This means sitting through an entire test in one go while carefully timing how long you spend on each section For this type of preparation, you should really only use official ACT tests. Content Practice This component of ACT prep is about building your knowledge of all the content that’s actually tested on the exam. If you’re working on specific subject prep, you’ll need materials that test (and teach) understanding of subject-specific content. Official ACT practice questions are the ideal for this sort of practice, but they’re limited in number and should really be saved for â€Å"realistic† practice and/or strategy prep. Unofficial or supplementary materials can prepare you well when it comes to brushing up on content, even if they’re not in strict, official ACT format. Strategy Prep ACT questions follow a very particular set of rules when it comes to style and logic. Although unofficial practice tests try to recreate this with their practice questions, it’s rare to find an unofficial source that does a good job. Official practice tests are important when it comes to familiarizing yourself with strategy required to do well on the â€Å"real† ACT. The more comfortable you are with the various types of ACT questions, the more efficient and the more confident you’ll be on the actual test. Where to Find Official ACT Tests Now that you know why (and how) ACT practice materials are important, let’s talk about where you can find the gold standard of ACT prep material: official ACT tests. In this section, you’ll find both recent and older ACT tests. You should focus on the most current ACT recent for your practice although older tests will definitely be helpful if you need extra material. The good news is that the format of the ACT hasn’t changed that much over the past few decades, so older exams will still give you a good idea of what to expect on test day. I'm not kidding when I say that official practice materials are the gold standard in ACT prep. Free Official Tests These free ACT practice tests are great for officialpractice - those study sessions where you sit down under realistic testing conditions and finish an entire exam. I’d recommend using one as a diagnostic test towards the beginning of your study plan. Be careful not to use these up all at once - these are the only free official tests available. The newest official ACT(2015-2016) is the only one that reflects the test's most recent changes: paired reading passages and a new essay. Other than these updates, however, the ACT's overall content and format has remained pretty consistent. ACT Practice Test and Answers (2015-2016) – form number 72C ACT Practice Test and Answers (2014-2015) – form number 67C ACT Practice Test and Answers (20-2012) – form number 64E ACT Practice Test and Answers (2008-2009) – form number 61C ACT Practice Test and Answers (2005-2006) – form number 59F Free Official Practice Questions The ACT also publishes official practice questions (separate from the official practice tests) on its website. These questions are great for working on strategy and content prep. 75 ACT English questions 60 ACT Math questions 48 ACT Reading questions 40 ACT Science questions 1 ACT Writing prompt ACT Question of the Day Other Official Practice Materials There are other official ACT materials available for purchase: The Real ACT Prep Guidecontains five full official practice tests, which amounts to about 20 hours of study material. This book is awesome for strategy prep and officialpractice, but it will not be much help at all if you need to review test content. It costs about$15 on Amazon. The ACT Online Programcontains two full practice tests or about eight hours of study material. The â€Å"prep† that comes with the program isn’t particularly useful, though, so we advise you to skip that and just use the full tests. It costs about $40 on the ACT website. Where to Find (and How to Use) Unofficial ACTs As you may have noticed, there aren’t unlimited official ACT tests available for practice. If you’re planning on studying for 50+ hours, you’ll need to find supplementary sources. There are so many unofficial sources for ACT tests and practice questions, but these really vary in quality - you don’t want to use just any practice questions you find online without vetting them first. To help you find reliable sources for supplementary materials, I’ve compiled a list of resources here. There may be many other good sources out there, but this should get you off on the right track. Free Online Practice ACTs From Test Prep Companies You should be especially careful with using free prep from test companies since the quality of the material is often questionable. That being said, some companies offer practice tests or questions that may prove to be really helpful as supplementary materials. Just be especially mindful (if you choose to work with these materials) about not treating these practice questions as you would official prep - that means not relying too much on them for strategy or real test practice. Sophia.org Sophia.org offers 2-3practicetests each for ACT math, science, reading, English, and writing. Each practice test has about 60 questions and comes with an answer key and scoring guide. You need to make an account in order to access the (free) tests, and you need to opt in to making your profile private. The site encourages you to treat the practice tests like official practice, but (as you know by now) it's best to use these materials for content review. An example of a Sophia.org practice question Prepfactory.com You can access freematerials with this siteif you make an account. There's a social media-esque functionalitywhere you can test your skills against those of other students. I'd avoid this, however, and just focus on improving your own weak skill areas - it won't be helpful to compare yourself to others while you're studying. You can access practice questions through quizzes for different themed modules. The modules' content study material is a bit disjointed and cursory, so I would skip it and just focus on working through the practice questions. An example of a Prepfactory.com practice question Ivy Global Ivy Global offers both sample ACT questions and a full (unofficial) ACT practice test on its website. You can download their full ACT practice test without making an account or providing any personal information (a big plus). Ivy Global did make a real effort to put together a test that's very similar to the official ACT. I still wouldn't encourage you Ivyglobalfor official practice, but it might come in handy if you run through all of the free official ACT materials listed earlier in this article. An example of an Ivyglobal practice question Varsity Tutors Varsity Tutors has a ton of free material - it seems like there are thousands of practice questions available - but this company isn’t particularly careful about creating questions in the style of the ACT.You should be careful about not putting too much stock in the types of questions you use from this site. Another con - you really can't work through the questions until you register for an account, and you're pressured pretty hard to pay for their tutoring services. That being said, you might find Varsity Tutors helpful if you need access to a ton of material (i.e. if you plan on studying for 50+ hours), and/or if you're a high scorer and want toanalyze official ACT vs. non ACT questions. An example of a Varsity Tutors practice question Union Test Prep Union Test Prep offers one free practice test which is administered online. Each question is presented (and graded), which is very different from what you'll encounter on the actual ACT - the format of the exam reminds me more of the GRE than any college entrance exam, to be honest. You don't have to register with Union Test Prep to access these questions. An example of a Union Test Prep practice question Albert.io Albert.iooffers hundreds of practice questions for ACT Math, ACT Science and ACT Reading. You must create an account to answer questions, but you get 100 free credits, which you can use to answer up to 100 questions. The questions are all clearly tagged, so this can be a great resource for targetingspecific skills. An example of an Albertpractice question Kaplan If you register with Kaplan, you can sign up for a free ACT practice test. They have them scheduled in advance, so this will only work if one of their ACT test times fits within your schedule. I expect these practice tests to be similar to their prep book (which I'll get to shortly) - good for an introduction to the test, especially for low scorers, but not so helpful for students who are already familiar with the exam or are already getting relatively high marks. Princeton Review Princeton Review has a system that's pretty similar to Kaplan's - you can take a free ACT online demo and test if you register with the site. Princeton Review has a reputation for writing questions that are(conceptually) easier than what you'd see on the test, so this might not be the best option for high-scoring students who are looking to push up their scores. ACT Prep Books Unofficial ACT prep books can be helpful when it comes to content review and practice. The ACT is pretty transparent about what concepts they actually test on the exam - if you have weak areas, instructional books and practice questions (even if they’re not similar to ACT questions) can help you develop a better grasp of the material. One of the downsides to ACT prep books is that they aren’t free. You may be able to find these books at your public or school library if you’d rather not purchase the materials. If you’re looking for a more exhaustive list of the most helpful ACT books, especially for books by subject, check out our guide to the best ACT prep books. Best Non-Official ACT Book:The ACT Black Book A great book for strategy, the Black Book teaches you to think about the ACT as a predictable, standardized test. It offers alternative strategies for students who may not understand all concepts in the same way. If there's a downside to this prep book, it's that you have to be pretty self-motivated and self-driven in order to useit effectively. It costs about$17 on Amazon. Best Book for High Scorers:Barron's Barron’s books are very thorough and cover a lot of content. They’re good options if your score is already high, but you’re aiming for perfect (or close to perfect). Some of the questions can be unrealistically (and unhelpfully) difficult. It costs about$12 on Amazon. Best Book for Low Scorers:Kaplan This is an all-in-one book that covers all ACT sections. It includes practice tests and answer explanations in addition to basic ACT strategies. This book is not helpful if you’re pretty motivated to study and are serious about improving your score - this is really a bare-bones book It costs about$20 on Amazon. Making a Plan: How to Study for the ACT If you want to make the most of all these ACT materials, you’ll want to make a plan for using them strategically. The major steps you’ll need to take to make a plan are below, although you can get more detailed info if you check out our guide on how long you need to study for the ACT. These materials will be most helpful if you come up with a road map for using them before diving in. Get a Baseline: Start With a Diagnostic ACT Test Take one of the recent, official ACT tests to get a baseline score. Unofficial diagnostic tests won’t help you understand where you’d need to improve on the actual ACT. Checking out target schools (and their correlating target ACT scores) will give you a goal score range to aim for. Practice Strategy and Review Content With Supplementary Materials If you’re weak in strategy skills or content knowledge, you should primarily use unofficial supplementary materials to study and improve in those areas. You can use these practice questions to drill skills or test knowledge without worrying about wasting official prep material. Once you’ve spent some time learning new skills and content, you may want to really test your performance with the official ACT practice questions (not the full tests). Use Official ACTs As Full-Length Practice Tests You can always find more unofficial prep material, but there’s a limited number of official ACT practice tests. Use these official resources as full-length practice tests under real testing conditions. You shouldn’t stop there, though. Get everything you can out of those tests by carefully analyzing your answers and mistakes, so you know which skills and content areas you should focus on next. Remember to save one or two official tests for the end of your study program so you can familiarize yourself with a full-length exam before you take the actual ACT. What's Next? Now that you have a ton of material to work with, you might want to start thinking about putting together a (more detailed) study plan and ACT strategy. First, figure out how long you should plan on studying for the ACT. Next, determine what your own ACT score goal should be - what's a good score? A bad score? An excellentscore? If you don't have too much time to study but still want to prepare as best you can, download those official ACT tests and check out our guide to a 20 hour prep program. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Capital Investment decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Novel - Essay Example Since the ultimate aim of all is to find a suitable match to get married religion does not play the usual role of dividing the people. This is the symbolic message through the characterization in the book articulated by Farahad Zama. The irony is Aruna, though thick into the business of marriage, is unable to marry herself due to financial constraints. She supports the family and without her salary the family has nothing to look forward to. They have no means to fulfil the dowry demands from the husband’s family and high expenditure devolved in making elaborate arrangements for the marriage ceremonies. Her own Bureau cannot help her out because the message of the Bureau is quite clear: â€Å"The Marriage Bureau for Rich People†. The theme of the book is what makes the marriages work and the attitude of the combustible younger generation to the institution of marriage is cleverly elaborated by the author. In issues related to marriage, in India, the caste system holds sway, inter-caste marriages are rare, and love marriages are even rarer. The love marriages find approval if they are within the caste. The involvement and interference of the family members at the negotiating stage of the marriage is too strong. These two systems are at loggerheads and for or against opinions on them baffle definition. The genre of this novel is moral romance. The raw material used by Mr. Ali for successful alliances is love. To him his Marriage Bureau is the mission, not the commission (a business tool for aggrandizement of wealth) He finds his post-retirement job more interesting than his involvement in civil service. Mr. Ali has not defined any particular ideology for running the business of his Bureau, he has accepted the reality of conglomeration of different systems of marriages as per Hindu, Muslim and Christian traditions, and most of his clients are interested in bridegrooms/brides of the same religion, with additional qualifying yardsticks of

Surface Antigen of Apicomplexan Parasite, Eimeria Tenella

Surface Antigen of Apicomplexan Parasite, Eimeria Tenella INTRODUCTION Intestinal coccidiosis is caused by the intracellular growth and replication of coccidian (Shirley Schnitzler, 1999; Belli et al., 2006; Lim et al., 2012). Chicken has become the host to seven species Eimeria which are E. tenella, E. maxima, E. acervulina, E. brunette, E. necatrix, E. praecox, E. mitis and each species is responsible for a different form of coccidiosis. The three most pathogenic Eimeria species which cause the most economically significant are E. tenella, E. acervulina and E. maxima. Each parasite is responsible for a different form of coccidiosis (Shirley et al., 2004). Eimeria tenellacause coccidiosis in chickens which is a serious intestinal disease leading to impaired nutrient absorption, weight loss, diarrhea and severe cases of death (Belli et al., 2004). Ceacum is the part of intestinal tract location that will infected by E. tenella (Barta, 1997). On the other hand, three different phases of the life cycle of Eimeria are sporogony (the unsporulated oocysts s hed in the faeces of the host undergo sporulation in the environment to become infective), schizogony (an expansive form of asexual reproduction) and gametogony, a sexual phase (which leads to the formation of female and male gametes, and end with the formation of oocysts) (Shirley Schnitzler, 1999). The control of coccidiosis depends on prophylactic chemotherapy and also vaccination (Shirley et al., 2004). Whereas Mcpherson-K. J. L (2008) state that the current strategies to control coccidiosis in commercial poultry include anticoccidial medication, vaccination and also the use of probiotics. For a long-term control of coccidiosis, the identification of new targets within Eimerian parasite is required and this imperative underpins the need for the genome sequencing (Shirley et al., 2004). 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT Coccidiosis is one of the most important and common diseases that affect poultry, it results in a great economic loss all over the world (S. Al-Quraishy, A.S. Abdel-Baki,  M.A. Dkhil, 2009). It is caused by the genus Eimeria of an apicomplixa protozoan parasite (Shirley, 1995). This parasitic infection occurs in the epithelial cells of the intestine, despite the advances in nutrition, chemotherapy, management and genetics (Jamal Gharekhani, Zivar Sadeghi-Dehkordi, and Mohammadali Bahrami,2014). Most Eimeria species affect birds between 3 and 18 weeks of age and can cause high mortality in young chicks(McDougald and Reid, 1997). Eimeria typically infect defined regions of the gastrointestinal tract leading to impaired nutrient absorption, weight loss, diarrhea and in severe cases mortality (Belli et al., 2004). The poultry industry incurs major economic losses since chemoprophylaxis, the preferred method of preventing and controlling the disease, is ineffective because the resilient parasites do not respond to therapy. Infections of chickens begin after the uptake of oocysts when sporozoites penetrate the epithelium of the villi. They enter crypt epithelial cells after passing through the lamina propria, where they will undergo several rounds of asexual and sexual proliferation, resulting in formation of merozoites and later, gametocytes (Jeurissen SH, Janse EM,  Vermeulen AN,Vervelde L, 1996). When macrogametes are fertilized by microgametes, forming zygote that will develop into oocysts and eventually shed in the faeces. In contrast to the malaria parasites, Eimeria spp. has not been proved pathogenic for man. The organism has never been found in intestinal tissue and no specific lesion has been demonstrated. Many therapeutic agents have been used, including bismuth, iodide, quinine, gentian violet, emetine, anthelmintics and others without conclusive evidence of results (R. M. Kiskaddon, M.D.; R. J. F. Renshaw, M.D.,1945). Nowadays, coccidiosis is prevented by anticoccidial drugs that are added to food, but continuously usage of these drugs will leads to unavoidably emergence of resistant Eimeria strains (Jeurissen SH,  Janse EM,  Vermeulen AN,  Vervelde L, 1996). This prolonged use of drugs have many side effects such as decrease fertility (Joyner, 1964) and encourage to the development of drug-resistant strains (McLoughlin and Gardiner, 1963). It will also interfere with immunity (Davies and Kendall, 1955; Reid, 1960), Moreover, the present drugs that available do not offer effective protection against all Eimeria parasitic species in chickens and most of the current coccidiostats are not suitable to use for prolonged periods intended for human consumption. In spite of the high efficacy of modern coccidiostats, upsurge of coccidiosis may occur due to high levels of contamination in the environment, the development of drug-resistance strains as well as reduced the usage of the drug and a high de gree of susceptibility (Joyner, 1970). 1.2 OBJECTIVES To amplify and sequence the surface antigen from apicomplexan parasite, Eimeria Tenella. To clone the surface antigen of apicomplexan parasite, Eimeria Tenella. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 APICOMPLEXAN PARASITES The Apicomplexa are a phylum from the group of diverse obligate intracellular parasites containing Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum which are the opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised individuals, Plasmodium spp., the parasites that cause malaria and also Eimeria spp. and the Theileria spp., the parasites that consider as agricultural importance(Naomi S. Morrissette and  L. David Sibley, 2002). Parasitic protozoans of the apicomplexa are the most frequentt and successful pathogens known to the world. Infection by this parasites causes incalculable morbidity and mortality to humans and agricultural animals(Aikawa, M, 1988). Presently, more than 50 billion livestock for food production especially for the poultry, suffer from debilitating intestinal diseases that caused by many species of apicomplexan parasites such as Eimeria, Theileria, and Babesia (Tomley and Shirley, 2009). Besides, half of the world’s population is at risk of getting malaria that caused by Plasmodium species (Guerra et al., 2006). Eimeria is the cause of of coccidiosis in chickens while Theileria, the cattle parasite is characterized by anemia and high death rate especially in pregnant cows. Plasmodium infects red blood cells in bird species and cause malaria as well as in several other vertebrate including human. In Africa, almost one million human died because of malaria each year, which mean that a child dies every 30 seconds of this disease (Coombs and Muller, 2002; Shirley et al., 2005). All of those apicomplexan parasites share distinguishing morphological features, cytoskeleton organization and the way of motility, invasion and also replication(Naomi S. Morrissette and  L. David Sibley, 2002). These parasites have an elongated shape and a clearly visible specialization of the apical region (Aikawa,M., 1998). Many of the distinct characteristics compose of a collection of unique organelles termed the apical complex(Naomi S. Morrissette and  L. David Sibley, 2002). Theapical complexis the flag trait required for classification asApicomplexa (Lee et al., 2000, Levine, 1973). It is a components found at the anterior end of certain stages, most notably at the infective stages, replacing the nucleus and mitochondria towards the posterior end (Aikawa et al., 1978). Upon contact with a suitable host cell, apicomplexans can invade within seconds, with minimal apparent disturbance of the infected cell (Boris Striepenmail, Carly N Jordan, Sarah Reiff, Giel G van Dooren, 2 007). Figure 2.1 : The morphology of apicomplexan parasites Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology 2.2 THE ROLE OF GLIDING MOTILITY OF THE APICOMPLEXA IN CELL INVASION The members of Apicomplexa invade host cell by substrate-dependent forward locomotion known as gliding motility(Pinder et al., 2000; Opitz Soldati, 2002). Apicomplexa does not possess cilic, flagella, type IV pili or other locomotory organelles (Russell Sinden,1981), nor do they crawl like amoeba (Mitchison Cramer, 1996) or deform their membrane. The gliding movement is actin–myosin motor dependent (Hakansson et al.,1998; Pinder et al., 2000)which coupled with the substratum, presumably by transmembrane proteins such as circumsporozoite-and-TRAP related protein (CTRP) and thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP) which have cytoplasmic sequences (Menard, 2000). Motility can be visualized in real time with video microscopy (Russell Sinden, 1981; Morisaki et al., 1995) or by the formation of surface membrane traits that can be labelled with immunofluorescence assays (Arrowood et al., Stewart Vanderberg, 1988; Hakansson et al., 1999). Circular gliding occurs when a paras ite lies on its right side(where the apex is defined as the top of the parasite and dorsal is defined as the convex surface of the parasite) and moves around in a counter clockwise circle. Upright twirling takes place when a parasitic stands on its posterior and spins in a clockwise circle. Furthermore, helical gliding occurs when the parasite begins on its left side and initiates a clockwise revolution around its long axis while moving forward one body length. The parasite then flips onto its left side while undergoing little forward motility. Helical gliding allows a curved parasite to propel itself straight across substrate (Hakansson et al., 1999). Host-cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites involves the successive exocytosis of three different secretory organelles which are micronemes, rhoptries and dense granules. Rhoptries, dense granule and micronemes are unique secretory organelles containing the products that need for motility, adhesion to host cells, invasion of host cells, and formation of the parasitophorous vacuole (N. S. Morrissette, A. Mitra, D. Sept and L. D. Sibley, 2004). Micronemes are used for host-cell recognition, binding, and possibly motility. Rhoptries are used for parasitophorous vacuole formation whilst dense granules used for remodeling the vacuole into a metabolically active compartment (Dubremetz JF et al., 1998). Attachment to the host cell is started via interaction of the surface protein of the parasites with the plasma membrane of the host cell(Grimwood and Smith, 1996). The apical region of the infecting parasite which is called zoite connects to the host cell, creating a depression in the cell plasma membrane and taking the shape of the zoite while forming a condensed, electron-dense area at the point of attachment (Aikawa et al., 1978). Rhoptry ducts extend from the apical complex and through the junction formed between the two cells (Aikawa et al., 1978). This step is proceed by the microneme and rhoptry that release vast array proteins which have the capacity to encourage formation of the protective parasitophorous vacuole that surrounds the parasite once inside the host cell (Bannister and Mitchell, 1989). As conclusion, the actual invasion of the parasite is intervene by the formation of a moving junction around the infecting parasite which is so named because it moves along the len gth of the parasite resulting in the engulfment of the parasite within the host cell (Besteiro et al., 2009). Figure 2.2 : Current model of the motor protein complex driving gliding motility. (Adapted from Soldati et al (2004) Current Opinion in Cell Biology 16, 32-40.) 2.3 EIMERIA TENELLA Eimeria Tenellais one of seven species that cause coccidiosis in chickens (Shirley MW, Smith AL, Tomley FM, 2005). It is one of the most pathogenicEimeriaspp. that inflicts economic losses on the poultry industry all over the world (Dalloul RA, Lillehoj HS, 2006). Eimeria tenella can be found in the feces of the infected chicken (Michael G. Wallach mail, Udi Ashash, Amnon Michael, Nicholas C. Smith, 2008) and they have complex developmental life cycles with an exogenous phase in the environment during which oocysts excreted from the chicken undergo sporulation and become infective while the endogenous phase in the intestine during which there are two or more rounds of discrete depending on the species, expansive asexual reproduction (schizogony) followed by sexual differentiation, fertilization and shedding of unsporulated oocysts (Kalpana Lal, Elizabeth Bromley, Richard Oakes, Judith Helena Prieto, Sanya J Sanderson, Dominic Kurian, Lawrence Hunt, John R Yates, III, Jonathan M Wastl ing, Robert E Sinden, Fiona M Tomley, 2009). The unsporulated oocyst will develops by the deposition of proteinsfrom two visible wall forming bodies becoming a multi-layered oocyst cell wall (Ferguson DJ, Belli SI, Smith NC, Wallach MG, 2003). After shedding, the unsporulated oocysts will make contact with moisture and air then rapidly undergo meiosis and mitosis to produce 8 haploid sporozoites (Ryan R, Shirley M, Tomley F, 2000). In the case of Emeria tenella, sporozoites will migrate to the caecum where they invade villus enterocytes and undergo their entire endogenous development within enterocytes of the crypts (Rose ME, Lawn AM, Millard BJ, 1984). Eimeria tenellaundergoes two distinct and massive waves of schizogony in the crypts, which produce large numbers of first and second generation merozoites. A third round of schizogony, begin by invasion of second generation merozoites and characterized by much smaller schizonts, is known to occur and may be mandatory although it is possible that invasion of second generation mer ozoites can also initiate gametogony (McDonald V, Rose ME, 1987). Sporozoites and merozoites ofEimeria tenellahave many features related to their invasive natures including micronemes that release protein, which are very important for host binding and invasion (Periz J, Gill AC, Hunt L,Brown P,Tomley FM, 2007) , the use of actin based ‘glideosome’ to power up the host invasion(Bumstead J, Tomley F,2000) and the secretion of rhoptry proteins to form the parasitophorous vacuole within which the parasite resides during the invasion (Greif G, Entzeroth R,1996). As a conclusion, the life cycle can be divided into three distinct phases which include sporogony (the unsporulated oocysts shed in the faeces of the host undergo sporulation in the environment to become infective), schizogony (an expansive form of asexual reproduction) and a sexual phase, gametogony (which leads to the formation of female and male gametes and terminates with the formation of oocysts) (Shirley Schnitzler, 1999). Figure 2.3 : The life cycle of Eimeria (United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 2.4 SURFACE ANTIGEN Surface antigens are those expressed on the surface of infected cells that can induce a cytotoxic phenomenon leading to a destruction of host cells or to activation of the killing mechanism in the host cell itself. However, little is known about their role in parasite development (Tabarà ©s et al., 2004). Some of these surface antigens have been associated with a variety of functions in host cell invasion, pathogenicity as well as the immune avoidance and also known to draw out strong immune responses (Jung C, Lee CYF, Grigg M, 2004). Many research has been carried out to study the role of surface antigens in the growth, development, and also the survival of the parasites. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored surface antigens (SAGs) of Eimeria Tenellaare among the major surface molecules of the parasite and many of the SAGs are expressed during the development of second generation merozoitesmaking them good targets for host innate and adaptive immune responses. Other apicompl exan parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum,  Sarcocystis neuronaand Toxoplasma gondii also have the GPI-linked antigens expressed on their surfaces (Gilson PR, Nebl T, Vukcevic D, Moritz RL, Sargean T, 2006). Besides, SAG proteins may be used by Eimeria tenellato confuse the host immune system and improve the survival of the parasites. The chicken immune response might be misdirect towards the antibody production because of the simultaneous expression of multiple SAG proteins rather than the cellular mediated immune responses required to eliminateEimeria Tenella, therefore, allowing the parasites to avoid the first line defense mechanisms of the host and multiply more easily (Yock-Ping Chow, Kiew-Lian Wan, Damer P. Blake, Fiona Tomley, Sheila Nathan, 2011).